Biopsych 2 quiz copied from an exam for my personal study of biopsych exam in 2011. lfbella published on April 20, 2011 Stacked 1/73 The law of specific nerve energies states that: perception of a repeated stimulus fades. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light. the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus. any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential. 2/73 Light from the left half of the world strikes what part of the retina? the left half the right half the whole retina equally It depends of the wavelength. 3/73 Why does the periphery of the retina detect faint lights better than the fovea does? Receptors are packed more tightly in the periphery than in the fovea. The lens focuses light more accurately in the periphery than in the fovea. The periphery has a higher ratio of cones to rods. More receptors converge their input onto each bipolar cell. 4/73 In what order does visual information pass through the retina? receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells 5/73 Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as: receptors. geniculate cells. amacrine cells. optic nerves. 6/73 The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the: blind spot. fovea. optic chiasm. ganglion. 7/73 Which of the following characterizes the fovea? It has the greatest perception of detail. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. It has more rods than cones. 8/73 In comparison to the rods, cones are more: common toward the periphery of the retina. sensitive to detail. sensitive to dim light. common in rodents and other nocturnal animals. 9/73 ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light. phototransmitters photosins photopigments photoions 10/73 Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called: photo-optics. photopigments. opsins. kestrels. 11/73 In comparison to cones, rods: are more common toward the center of the retina. are more sensitive to detail. are more sensitive to dim light. reach their peak firing levels slowly. 12/73 If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should: stare straight at it. look slightly to one side. look at a mirror's reflection of it. wait until daytime. 13/73 Initially, researchers determined how many types of receptors we have for determining color: through psychophysical observations. through the use of biochemical methods. through genetic markers. by developing a trichromatic spectrometer. 14/73 After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding? Young-Helmholtz theory trichromatic theory opponent-process theory color-constancy theory 15/73 After staring at your instructor’s red shirt for an entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be: green. red. yellow. blue. 16/73 Color constancy is the ability to: perceive all wavelengths as the same color. see color, even in very faint light. differentiate among many colors and hues. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting. 17/73 Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency. blue; yellow green; blue red; green red; blue 18/73 ____ cells axons makeup the optic nerve. Horizontal Amacrine Bipolar Ganglion 19/73 The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the: cerebral cortex superior colliculus inferior colliculus thalamus 20/73 In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth. thalamus; cortex thalamus; inferior geniculate inferior colliculus; thalamus thalamus; lateral colliculus 21/73 The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of: lateral inhibition in the retina. the diffraction of light from the edge's surface. fatigue of the rods and cones. the color of the object. 22/73 Horizontal cells receive their input from ____; they send output to ____. rods and cones; ganglion cells rods and cones; bipolar cells bipolar cells; ganglion cells cones; rods 23/73 The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is primarily due to lateral inhibition by the: rods. cones. horizontal cells. bipolar cells. 24/73 Small receptive fields are to ____ cells as large receptive fields are to ____ cells. parvocellular; magnocellular magnocellular; parvocellular magnocellular; koniocellular koniocellular; parvocellular 25/73 Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from: magnocellular neurons. rods. bipolar cells that receive input from cones. the periphery of the retina. 26/73 Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which of the following types of ganglion cells? parvocellular magnocellular koniocellular kodacellular 27/73 Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it: has reached its final processing destination. may return to the primary visual cortex. goes mostly to the primary motor cortex. is sent back to the retina. 28/73 Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information? movement brightness distance dark adaptation 29/73 Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for: details of shape. color and brightness. movement. integrating vision with action. 30/73 The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the: temporal cortex. parietal cortex. visual cortex. frontal lobe. 31/73 Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with: the ability to describe the shape or size of an object. walking toward something seen. reaching to grasp an object. perceiving whether the lights are on or off. 32/73 In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____. meaning/duration duration/meaning shape/location location/shape 33/73 Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex? loud sound donut diffuse light throughout the visual field square picture frame 34/73 What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds? circle of a particular radius circle with a hole in the middle bar in a particular orientation bar of a particular length 35/73 What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"? the shape of its receptive field whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus 36/73 What would an investigator find concerning the properties of cells in a single column of the visual cortex? They have receptive fields in the same location in the visual field. They have receptive fields of the same angle of orientation. Moving from dorsal to ventral through the column, each receptive field is slightly larger than the previous one. Their receptive fields vary randomly. 37/73 Cells in the inferior temporal cortex respond vigorously to their preferred shape: but only if the stimulus is also the preferred color. as long as it is also a particular size. as long as it is stationary. regardless of its exact size or position on the retina. 38/73 No known type of brain damage causes a person to lose the ability to recognize one person without impairing the ability to recognize others. What inference can we draw from this fact? Visual recognition depends on simple cells, not complex cells. Visual recognition depends on complex cells, not simple cells. Visual recognition depends on cells in the lateral geniculate. No one cell is solely responsible for recognizing any one facial pattern. 39/73 Color perception depends MOSTLY on the: magnocellular pathway. parvocellular pathway. superior colliculus. lateral geniculate. 40/73 By comparing the slightly different inputs from the two eyes, you achieve: amblyopia. strabismus. stereoscopic depth perception. contrasting imagery. 41/73 What is the basis for differences in sensory abilities across species? The larger the organism, the more intense the stimulus must be to be detected. All organisms detect all stimuli, but only focus on those involved in survival. Organisms detect a range of stimuli that are biologically relevant for that species. The larger the organism, the larger the range of stimuli detected. 42/73 What is the intensity of a sound wave called? frequency loudness amplitude tone 43/73 What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called? pitch frequency amplitude loudness 44/73 If two voices differ in their frequency, this means they differ in their: amplitude. number of waves per second. height of each wave. loudness. 45/73 The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the: tympanic membrane. stapes. pinna. malleus. 46/73 The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the: tympanic membrane. stapes. pinna. malleus. 47/73 The eardrum is also known as the: pinna. ossicle. tympanic membrane. cochlea. 48/73 The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the: cochlea. pinna. oval window. hair cells. 49/73 Which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel through as they pass from the outer ear to the inner ear? pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea tympanic membrane, pinna, cochlea pinna, stapes, eardrum malleus, tympanic membrane, oval window, pinna 50/73 The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones: in the inner ear. in the outer ear. which transmit information from the outer ear to the middle ear. which transmit information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. 51/73 What is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system? rods and cones sound bulbs hair cells basilar membranes 52/73 How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? the tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve the basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane the scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials 53/73 At low frequencies, our perception of loudness is determined by: the number of activated hair cells. the frequency of action potentials. which neurons are activated. which part of the basilar membrane is vibrating. 54/73 "Every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate, and thereby excites neurons in that area." This is one way to state which theory about pitch perception? volley principle frequency theory place theory opponent-process theory 55/73 Where is the basilar membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of very high-frequency sound waves? closest to the cochlea at the apex, farthest from the cochlea about halfway between the cochlea and the apex It is equally sensitive across the entire membrane. 56/73 To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent? occipital temporal parietal frontal 57/73 Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in? difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds complete deafness tone deafness inability to hear sounds other than one's own voice 58/73 What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells? conductive nerve temporary hysterical 59/73 What can people with conductive deafness hear? high-pitched sounds but not low-pitched sounds their own voice better than external sounds sounds, but not pitch; everything is monotone nothing at all 60/73 Conductive deafness is to ____ as nerve deafness is to ____. the inner ear; the middle ear the middle ear; the inner ear disease; exposure to loud noises age; disease 61/73 What does the vestibular system detect? the degree of stretch of muscles vibrations on the skin the location of sounds movement of the head 62/73 Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation? cochlea and otolith organs semicircular canals and cochlea semicircular canals and otolith organs cerebellum and sinuses 63/73 The somatosensory system involves sensation of: sight and sound. sound and touch. the body and its movements. the head and movements of the eyes. 64/73 Each spinal nerve has: either a sensory or a motor component. both a sensory and a motor component. connections to most parts of the body. connections to each of the major internal organs. 65/73 Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex? parietal lobe frontal lobe hippocampus limbic cortex 66/73 What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain? dopamine serotonin substance P enkephalin 67/73 The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they: deplete the brain of substance P. block the release of substance P. block sodium channels in the membrane of certain neurons. increase the sensitivity of neurons to dopamine. 68/73 Small-diameter pain fibers: carry sharp pain information. carry dull pain information. do not respond to endorphins. are associated with large cell bodies. 69/73 What are found in papillae? olfactory receptors clusters of neurons hair cells taste buds 70/73 Taste perception in the brain depends on: relative activity of different taste neurons. absolute frequency of action potentials. only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue. the angular gyrus. 71/73 Olfactory receptor sites are located: in the brain. on cilia. in the olfactory bulb. on the basilar membrane. 72/73 Deleting a single gene for potassium channels in mice led to an amazing superpower related to the sense of: touch. smell. sight. hearing. 73/73 Of the following, which one would be most closely associated with experiencing synesthesia? hearing voices seeing colors and shapes seeing colors of letter or words inability to feel pain